Nutritional Diseases

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Vitamin Deficiencies

• Vitamin B1: Wernicke's Encephalopathy & Korsakoff's Dementia

• Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Glossitis

• Vitamin B3 (Niacin): Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, Dementia

• Folate (Vitamin B9): Macrocytic anaemia, Peripheral Neuropathy

• B12: 

  • Macrocytic anaemia; Reversible Dementia

  • Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord- Peripheral Neuropathy, Sensory Ataxia; 

• Vitamin C: Scurvy

• Vitamin D: osteomalacia (adults), rickets (children), sarcopenia, Osteoporosis

• Vitamin E: Cerebellar Ataxia

• Vitamin K: Haemophilia, Warfarin Toxicity 

Minerals

• Hyponatraemia

• Hypokalaemia

• Hypocalcaemia

• Hypomagnesaemia

• Hypophosphataemia

• Iron deficiency Anaemia

• Iodine Deficiency: HypoThyroidism 

Causes of Poor Nutrition

• Malabsorption- IBD, Coeliac, Pancreatitis, Colitis, Liver Cirrhosis

• Chronic Kidney Disease- Nephrotic Syndrome

• Poorly controlled chronic disease- Malignancy, Infections: TB, Immune: SLE, RA

• Poor intake- Anorexia & Bulimia Nervosa

Nutritional States

Metabolic Syndrome 

Core

• Obesity

• Hypertension

• MASLD (Metabolic Liver Disease) 

• T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) 

• Hyperlipidaemia

Secondary

• Coronary Artery Disease , Stroke , 

• Venous Thrombotic Disease (PE, DVT)

• Peripheral Vascular Disease,

• Cancers- breast, bowel, endometrial

• PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) 

• Osteoarthritis & Gout 

• Urinary Stones & Biliary Stone Disease 

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome & GORD  

• Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)

• IIH (Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension) & Alzheimer's Disease 

• Depression, anxiety disorders, bulimia nervosa

Low BMI

• Frailty

• Sarcopenia

• Osteoporosis

Page written in 2026.