Physiology

• Anatomy

  • Central Nervous System

    • Brain

    • Spinal cord

  • Peripheral nervous system anatomy

    • Cranial nerves

    • Cervical, Brachial plexus and thoracic nerves

    • Lumar plexus, sacral and cocyx nerves

• The Synapse

  • Receptors

Neurology Diseases

Systemic Diseases

• Motor Neuron Disease

• Friedreich's Ataxia 

• Neurofibromatosis, Tuberous Sclerosis 

Central Nervous System

• Brain

  • • Multiple Sclerosis, 

    • Epilepsy 

    • Vascular: 

      • Stroke , Transient Ischaemic Attack 

      • Subarachnoid Haemorrhage, Subdural & Extradural Haematomas

      • Cerebral Vein Thrombosis 

    • Headache Disorders

      • Migraine , Tension Headache , Cluster Headache , Medication Overuse Headache, Paroxysmal hemicrania

    • Head Injury

      • Concussion, CTE (Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy), Haematomas

    • Dementia

      • Delirium

      • Alzheimer's Disease , Frontal Temporal Disease , Vascular Dementia

      • Parkinson's Disease , Lewy Body Dementia 

        • Parkinson's plus syndromes: Multi System Atrophy , PSP (Progressive Supranuclear Palsy )

    • Infection

      • Meningitis & Encephalitis 

      • Cerebral abscess

    • Brain Cancers

    • Genetic: Huntington's Disease, Muscular Dystrophies

• Spinal Cord

  • Myelopathy

    • Discitis, Osteomyelitis, Spinal abscess

    • Spinal Stenosis 

    • Syringomyelia , Brown Sequard Syndrome

    • Spinal infarction

    • Transverse Myelitis

Peripheral Nervous System

Mononeuropathy

• Cranial Nerves

  • Oculomotor Nerve Palsy (Cranial Nerve III) 

  • Trochlear Cranial Nerve IV Palsy 

  • Abducens Cranial Nerve VI Palsy

  • Trigeminal cranial nerve V- Trigeminal Neuralgia 

  • Bell's Palsy- facial cranial nerve VII

• Upper Limbs: radial, ulnar, median nerve palsies

• Lower Limbs: peroneal palsy

Polyneuropathy: mononeuritis multiplex

Radiculopathy

Peripheral Neuropathy: 

• Diabetes, Alcohol

• Nutritional & drugs: B12, Folate; Lead; Drugs: amiodarone, chemotherapy

• Hereditary- Charcot Marie Tooth,

• Systemic: Hypothyroidism, Renal failure, 

• Immune: Demyelinating: GBS, CIDP; Systemic- Amyloidosis, SLE

• Infective: Lyme Disease, Syphilis, HIV, Leprosy

• Malignancy: Paraproteinemia- Myeloma; Nerve sheath tumour, paraneoplastic

Muscles

• Myopathy

  • Genetic: 

    • Muscular Dystrophies 

      • Myotonic Dystrophy

      • Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy,

      • Becker's Muscular Dystrophy

    • Mitochondrial Diseases, Glycogen Storage Disorders

  • Inflammatory: 

    • Myositis

      • Dermato/polymyositis 

      • Inclusion Body Myositis

  • Endocrine

    • Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism

    • Cushing's Syndrome, Adrenal Insufficiency

  • Drug induced- statin, steroids, alcohol, 

  • Electrolyte disorders: 

    • HyperCalcaemia, HypoCalcaemia 

    • HypoKalaemia, HyperKalaemia, 

    • HypoMagnesaemia, HypoPhosphataemia 

  • Infectious- Viral myositis, Influenza, Sepsis

  • Rhabdomyolysis 

NMJ Junction 

• Myasthenia Gravis

• Lamberton Eaton Syndrome (LES) 

Clinical 

Presentations

• Headaches

• Loss of consciousness

• Focal neurology

  • • Motor

    • Sensory

    • Function: speech, sight, balance

Examination

• Nervous system: UL, LL, cerebellar

• Speech, vision, balance examinations

Investigations

• CT-Head

• MRI spine and Head

• Lumbar Puncture

• Nerve conduction studies, EMG

UK Training

9 years:

• FY1-2

• IMT 1-3

• ST 4-7

Resources and References

Written in 2024.