Endocrinology

Overview

• Health & Disease

• Clinical

  • Presentations

  • Examination

  • Investigations

  • Management

• Training

Health

• HPA Axis: hypothalamaus, pituitary & adrenal- stress response

• Thyroid homeostasis

• BP and salt homeostasis

• LH, FSH, Oestrogen and the menstrual cycle

• Puberty and normal sexual development

• Prolactin

Summary of Disease

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

• Prolactin

  • Prolactinoma 

• Acromegaly 

• Sheehan's Syndrome

Thyroid

• HyperThyroidism 

  • Graves Disease 

  • Toxic Multinodular goitre

  • Adenoma

• HypoThyroidism 

  • Hashimoto's 

• Thyroid Cancer 

• Thyroiditis

Parathyroid, bones, Calcium & Phopshate

• Hyperparathyroidism

  • Primary

  • Secondary

  • Tertiary

• Hypoparathyroidism

• Secondary fractures

  • Osteomalacia 

  • Osteoporosis 

  • Paget's Disease 

  • Osteopetrosis

• HyperCalcaemia , HypoCalcaemia 

• Hyperphosphatasemia , HypoPhosphataemia 

Pancreas/ diabetes

• Diabetes Mellitus 

  • By Type

    • T1DM (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) 

    • T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) 

    • Mature Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) 

    • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) 

  • Complications

    • HypoGlycaemia

    • HyperGlycaemia 

    • Diabetes Ketotic Acidosis (DKA) 

    • HHS (Hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic syndrome) 

  • Pancreatitis- acute, chronic , Pancreatic Cancer , Pancreatic insufficiency

Adrenal Gland

• Adrenal Insufficiency 

• Hyperaldosteronism

  • Primary: Conn's Syndrome , Bilateral Adrenal Hyperplasia 

  • Pseudohyperaldosteronism

• Cushing's Syndrome : excess ACTH

• Phaeochromocytoma : excess catecholamines

Renal Gland

• Diabetes Insipidus - cranial, nephrogenic

• SIADH 

Sex and reproductive- ovaries, testes

• Kallman's Syndrome 

• Klinefelter's Syndrome 

• Turner's Syndrome 

• Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

• PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) 

Clinical

Presentation

• Weight loss/ gain

• Cold/ heat intolerance

• Confusion, lethargy, polydipsia

Examinations

• Hypertension, hypotension

• Rashes

• Eye disease

Investigations

• ACTH

• TSH

• PRL

• GH

• Blood glucose

Resources and References

Written in 2025