By Body System

Contents

Disease categorised by the 12 body systems: 

Body System (specialty)  

1. Nervous (Neurology, Psychiatry, Neurosurgery)

2. Endocrine (Endocrinology & diabetes)

3. Senses (Ophthalmology, ENT)

4. Cardiovascular (Cardiology, Cardiothoracics, Vascular)

5. Respiratory (Respiratory, Cardiothoracic)

6. GI (Gastroenterology, General Surgery)

7. Urinary (Renal, Urology)

8. Reproduction female (Gynaecology)

9. Reproduction male (Urology)

10. Haematopoietic (Haematology)

11. Musculoskeletal & connective tissue (Orthopedics, Rheumatology)

12. Skin (Dermatology)

Not included here

• Life cycle diseases. e.g. paediatrics/ neonates or end of life

• By cause, e.g. toxicology

You may be able to tell from the incomplete nature my interest in medical disorders and how many conditions there are!

1. Nervous System 

Central Nervous System ('Organic')

• Brain

  • • Multiple Sclerosis

    • Vascular: Stroke , Subarachnoid Haemorrhage , Haematomas- subdural & extradural 

    • Brain cancers

    • Parkinson's Disease , Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus, Huntington's Disease 

    • Epilepsy 

    • Infective: Meningitis & Encephalitis , cerebral abscess

• Spinal Cord

  • • Discitis

    • Brown Sequard Syndrome

    • Motor Neuron Disease

Peripheral Nervous System

• Motor Neuron Disease

• Multi System Atrophy , PSP (Progressive Supranuclear Palsy )

• Peripheral neuropathy- alcohol, B12 Deficiency 

• Neuromuscular junction disorders: Myasthenia Gravis , Lamberton-Eaton Syndrome

Psychiatric Diseases 

'Abnormal traits' / genetic > environmental

• Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder

• Bipolar disorder, 

• Dementia: Alzheimer's Disease  , Lewy Body Dementia , Korsakoff Syndrome , Vascular Dementia, 

• Autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

'Abnormal spectrum of normal traits', environmental > genetic

• Depression, dysthymia

• Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia nervosa, 

• Obsessive Compulsive Disorder , Body Dysmorphic Disorder 

• Generalised anxiety disorders, panic disorders, agoraphobia

• Addiction: drug- alcohol, opioid, cannabis; behaviour- gambling, sex

• Post traumatic stress disorder, acute stress reaction, grief, complicated grief

• Personality Disorders (complex PTSD)

• Malingering, factious disorders, Munchausen & Munchausen by proxy, illness anxiety disorder, hypochondriasis

2. Endocrine System (& diabetes)

Hypothalamus & Pituitary

• Prolactin

  • Prolactinoma 

• Acromegaly 

Thyroid

• Graves Disease 

• Hashimoto's 

• Thyroid Cancer 

Parathyroid, bones, Calcium & Phopshate

• Hyperparathyroidism , hypoparathyroidism

• Osteomalacia 

• Osteoporosis 

• Paget's Disease 

• Osteopetrosis

Pancreas/ diabetes

• Diabetes Mellitus 

  • T1DM (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) 

  • T2DM (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) 

  • Mature Onset Diabetes of Young (MODY) 

  • Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA) 

Adrenal Gland

• Adrenal Insufficiency 

• Cushing's Syndrome 

Renal Gland

• Diabetes Insipidus 

• SIADH 

Sex and reproductive- ovaries, testes

• Kallman's Syndrome 

• Klinefelter's Syndrome 

• Turner's Syndrome 

• Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome

3. Senses

a) Ophthalmology

b) ENT

4. Cardiovascular 

Cardiac disease categories (6)

1. Congestive (chronic) heart failure and acute heart failure

2. Ischaemic heart disease (coronary artery disease)

   • • Myocardial infarction: STEMI, NSTEMI

     • Unstable angina, angina

3. Arrhythmias

   • Tachy

     • Ventricular Fibrillation (VF),

     • Ventricular tachycardia (VT), 

     • Atrial Fibrillation (AF), atrial flutter,

     • SVT

     • WPW (AVnRT)

     • Sinus tachycardia

   • Brady

     • Complete Heart Block- 3.0, 2.2, 2.1, 1

     • Bifasicular and Trifasicular Block

     • Asystole

     • Sinus Bradycardia

4. Valvular

   • • Aortic stenosis and regurgitation

     • Mitral stenosis and regurgitation

     • Pulmonary stenosis and regurgitation

     • Tricuspid stenosis and regurgitation

5. Congenital

   • Cyanotic (5 Ts)

     • Tetralogy of Fallot, ToF (most common 5%)

     • Transposition of Great Arteries, TGA (2%)

     • Truncus Arteriosus

     • Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connection

     • Tricuspid Valve Abnormalities

       • • Tricuspid Atresia

         • Ebstein's anomaly

         • Pulmonary Atresia

     • Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

5. • Non Cyanotic

     • Atrial (ASD) and ventricular septal defect (VSD)

     • Atrioventricular septal defect

     • Patent ductus arteriole (PDA)

     • Pulmonary valve stenosis

     • Aortic valve stenosis

     • Coarctation

   • Not a defect: Patent foramen ovale (PFO)

6. Structural/ everything else

   • • Pericarditis, pericardial effusion and tamponade

     • Cardiomyopathy

       • Myocarditis

     • Endocarditis- infective

     • Cardia myxoma

Vascular disease

• Hypertension

• Thoracic Aortic dilatation, dissection and aneurysm

• Abdominal aortic aneurysm

• Aortitis

• Peripheral vascular disease

  • Peripheral arterial disease

  • Peripheral venous disease

• DVT & Pulmonary Embolus 

• Vasculitis

  • • Large vessel: GCA/ PMR, TA (Takayasu's Arteritis) 

    • Medium vessel: Polyarteritis Nodosa (PAN), Kawasaki's Disease

    • Small vessel

      • ANCA positive: EGPA, GPA, MPA, 

      • ANCA negative: HSP,

    • Rarer

      • Behcet's Disease 

      • Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO, Buerger's Disease)

      • Cryoglobulinemia 

5. Respiratory

Lower Respiratory Tract: 

5 Chronic

• COPD exacerbations

• Asthma exacerbations

• Lung Cancer: Small cell, non small cell, mesothelioma; metastatic

• Interstitial lung disease: idiopathic, silicosis, asbestosis

• Pulmonary hypertension

5 Acute

• Pneumonia: Community acquired, hospital acquired, aspiration and ventilation

  • Viral pneumonitis: Influenza, covid-19, RSV

• Tuberculosis

• Pulmonary embolus

• Pneumothorax

• Pulmonary Oedema, see congestive heart failure

B. Less core- 

• Aspergillosis: aspergilloma, ABPA, invasive aspergillosis

• Pneumocystis jirovecii (PJP)

• OSA

• ARDS

• Goodpasture's

• Alpha 1 trypsin deficiency

• GPA & eGPA

• Loffler's syndrome: Ascaris, Strongyloides

• Cystic fibrosis

Upper respiratory tract- see ENT (3. senses)

6. Gastrointestinal System 

Alimentary Canal Diseases

• Oesphagus: Oesphageal Cancer , Achalasia , pharyngeal pouch, GORD/ reflux, Oesophageal candida

• Stomach: Gastric Cancer , alcoholic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, gastric outlet obstruction

• Small intestine: Gastro-enteritis, Crohn's Disease, coeliac disease, Irritable Bowel Syndrome,

• Large intestine: Ulcerative Colitis, Diverticulitis, appendicitis, Ischaemic Colitis , Colitis, Colorectal cancer- HNPCC , FAP

• Anal & rectum: anal fissure, haemorrhoids

Liver Diseases

This list is almost a carbon copy of the liver cirrhosis page. 

• Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD)

• Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

• Acute: Paracetamol Overdose , Viral Hepatitis

• Inherited: Haemachromatosis , Wilson's Disease ,  Alpha Trypsin 1 Deficiency , 

• Autoimmune: Autoimmune Hepatitis , Primary Biliary Cirrhosis (PBC) , Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) 

Gallbladder pathology

• Gallstones : cholecystitis, ascending cholangitis, gallstone pancreatitis, cholelithiasis, choledocholithiasis

• Cholangiocarcinoma

Pancreatic Diseases

• Pancreatitis : acute, chronic

• Pancreatic Cancer

• Pancreatic insufficiency

  • Related diseases: diabetes mellitus, cystic fibrosis

Nutrition

• Obesity 

• Anorexia Nervosa , Bulimia nervosa

7. Urinary System

Kidneys 

A. Renal 

• Glomerulonephritis

  • Nephrotic Syndrome (primary, 4)

    • Diabetic Nephropathy 

    • Membranous Nephropathy 

    • Minimal Change Disease 

    • Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS)

    • Secondary- Amyloidosis , Systemic Lupus Erythematous , HIV 

  • Nephritic Syndrome

    • IgA Nephropathy 

    • Poststreptococcal Glomerulonephritis 

    • Crescent or rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN):

      • • Goodpasture's Disease 

        • IgA Nephropathy , HSP 

        • Systemic Lupus Erythematous 

• Tubulopathies

  • • Acute Tubular Necrosis 

    • Renal Tubular Acidosis 

    • Renal Tubulopathies (Inherited) - alkalotic

• Acute Interstitial Nephritis 

• Renal Artery Stenosis

• Genetic- Alport's Syndrome , Polycystic Kidney Disease 

B. Non Renal 

• Urinary Stones 

  • Medullary Sponge Kidney 

• Pyelonephritis 

Ureter

• Vesicoureteral reflux disease

Bladder

• UTI

• Stress Incontinence , Urge Incontinence 

Urethra

• Hypospadias

8. Female Reproductive System

Ovaries

• Ovarian Cancer

• PCOS- polycystic ovarian disease

• Primary ovarian failure

Uterous

• Endometrial Cancer

• Endometriosis

Cervix

• Cervical Cancer: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 

• Infective cervicitis - Gonorrhea , Chlamydia 

Vagina & Vulva

• Lichen Planus 

Breast

• Breast Cancer

9. Male Reproductive System

Testis

• Testicular Cancer

• Testicular Torsion

Prostate

• Prostate Cancer

• Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy 

• Prostatits

10. Haematopoetic and Immune System

Haematology

A. Cancer

• Leukaemia- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia,  Acute Myeloblastic Leukaemia, Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia 

• Lymphoma- Hogkin's, Non Hogkin's- mantle cell, diffuse B cell

• Plasma Cell Dyscrasias- Multiple Myeloma , Amyloidosis , Waldenstrom Macroglobulinaemia , Cryoglobulinemia 

• Myeloproliferative- Polycythaemia Vera , Essential Thrombocytosis Myelofibrosis , Essential Thrombocytosis 

B. Haemoglobinopathies

• Sickle Cell Anaemia

• Thalassemia

• Porphyria 

C. Platelets

• Thrombocytosis

  • Primary: Essential Thrombocytosis 

  • Secondary: e.g. reactive

• Thrombocytopenia

  • ITP (Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura) 

  • Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

  • HUS: Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome

  • DIC: Disseminated intravascular coagulation

  • HIT: Heparin Induced Thrombocytopenia 

D. Haemostasis

• Haemophilia's

  • Von Willebrand Disease (platelet disorder)

  • Haemophilia A & B

• Thrombophilia's

  • APS

  • Genetic 

    • Factor V Leiden 

    • Protein C deficiency

    • Protein S deficiency

    • Antithrombin deficiency (previously thrombin III)

    • Homocystinuria

    • Prothrombin gene mutation

• Clots

  • Right heart: DVT . PE 

  • Left heart: Coronary artery disease, Stroke 

• Bleeding

  • Upper GI Bleed 

Immune System

• Anaphylaxis

• Hypersensitivity Reactions 

• Complement Disorders 

• Autoimmune conditions (core, sero-positive) 

  • • Arthropathies: Rheumatoid Arthritis , Systemic Lupus Erythematous , Systemic Sclerosis , Sjorgen's Syndrome, Dermato/polymyositis , GPA , EGPA , Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) 

    • Endocrine:  T1DM (Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus) , Graves Disease , Hashimoto's , Addison's

    • GI: AI Hepatitis , (PBC) , (PSC) , Coeliac Disease , Pernicious anaemia,  

    • Neuro: Myasthenia Gravis , Lamberton-Eaton Syndrome, Guillain-Barré Syndrome , Miller Fischer Syndrome

    • AI Haemolysis 

11. Musculoskeletal System (& Connective tissue)

Arthropathies

• Septic Arthritis 

• Osteoarthritis 

• Crystal arthropathies- Gout , PseudoGout 

• Inflammatory arthropathies: 

  • Sero positive: Rheumatoid Arthritis , Systemic Lupus Erythematous , Systemic Sclerosis , Sjorgen's Syndrome, 

  • Seronegative: Psoriatic arthritis, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Crohn's/ UC, Reactive Arthritis

• Haemarthrosis- trauma, haematological

Connective tissue disorders: Marfan's Syndrome , Ehlers Danlos syndrome (EDS)  

Myopathies

• Rhabdomyolysis 

• Muscular dystrophy- Duchenne's, Becker's 

• Dermato/polymyositis 

• Cardiomyopathies , HOCM (Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy)  , Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy

• Sarcoma, Cardiac Myxoma 

• Osteomalacia, Sarcopenia, Osteoporosis 

Disorders of bone metabolism: endocrine section

12. Skin 

[Primarily related to internal medicine]

• Psoriasis , Seborrheic Dermatitis , Acne Rosacea, Acne Vulgaris  

• Pemphigus, Pemphigoid, Steven Johnson Syndrome (SJS) 

• Acanthosis Nigricans , Erythema Nodosum , Erythema multiforme

• Systemic Lupus Erythematous ,  Systemic Sclerosis 

Written 2024.